In the response phase the most important step is to assess disaster after occurrence. By disaster assessment, we can obtain all the needed information for controlling, decision-making and also disaster planning. Lack of disaster assessment causes you to make unsuitable decisions based on limited or inadequate data which leads to imperfect disaster response. According to IFRC, disaster response operation will have an unsuitable function without disaster assessment. This paper presents the principles and concepts of disaster assessment.

Background and Aim: Evaluation of the treatment Outcome is an important stage in every healthcare system, including orthodontics. This study aimed to assess the attitude and practice regarding treatment Outcome assessment (TOA) among Iranian orthodontists. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, a questionnaire was developed, which consisted of demographic, attitude, and practice sections. Content validity was evaluated using content validity index (CVI), and reliability of the answers was evaluated using test-retest method and Kappa statistics. The online questionnaire was sent to a Telegram group including 315 Iranian orthodontists and orthodontic residents. Only graduated orthodontists with more than two years of experience were included. Results: The average CVI was 0. 95, and Kappa value was greater than 0. 6. Totally, 66 orthodontists participated in the survey. Almost all orthodontists acknowledged the importance and positive effects of TOA. Seventy seven percent and 87. 9% of the participants stated that treatment duration and stability, respectively, should be considered while evaluating treatment Outcome. The most important disadvantage of TOA was its time-consuming nature (56. 1%). The best criterion for the evaluation of treatment Outcome was “ treatment objectives” (89. 4%). Photographs (84. 8%) were the most common post-treatment document followed by panoramic radiographs (72. 7%). Also, 23% and 65. 2% of the participants “ always” or “ usually” performed TOA, respectively. TOA was mostly performed subjectively (84. 8%) and during the debonding session (48. 5%). Conclusion: The results indicated that almost all orthodontists participating in this survey were aware of the importance of assessment of treatment Outcome. Most of them usually performed such an assessment using subjective methods.

Background and Objectives: This research study was conducted to determine the correlation between the clinicopathologic features and the Outcome of membranous nephropathy. Materials and Methods: Data were retrospectively reviewed from all patients with a diagnosis of membranous nephropathy. Demographic, initial laboratory, and clinical findings were collected and the biopsy specimens were reviewed to classify them. To compare means, frequency, and to find correlation, student t-test, non-parametric x2 and Kendall-tau statistical tests were used respectively. A p value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: It was found out that during the years 1972-1996, 72 out of 2118 kidney biopsies had been diagnosed as membranous nephropathy. In this respect, male/female ratio was 2:1 (with a range of 1.5-14 years). Meanwhile, 45 out of 72 cases were idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). Furthermore, 27 out of 72 had a secondary cause of the disease due to systemic lupus erythematosus (11 cases) and HBsAg positive (12 patients). The most common features in both groups were nephrotic syndrome and hematuria. In idiopathic and in chronic renal failure groups, remission occurred in 20.9% and 20.9 % of the cases respectively during an averaged  2.13 years of follow up. The statistical test Kendall-tau was used to determine the correlation between initial findings and Outcome in IMN. In this regard, a significant direct correlation was found between progression to renal failure and proteinuria (p=0.009) and/or age (p=0.01) at the time of admission. For secondary membranous nephropathy, the Outcomes were variable depending on the etiology. Conclusion: Proteinuria, age, and underlying etiology are the most important factors determining the renal Outcome in membranous nephropathy.

Because mothers and fathers are more or less dissimilar at multiple HLA loci, mother considers her fetus as a semi-allograft. Mother's immune system may recognize paternal HLA as foreign antigen and may develop anti-paternal HLA antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocyte. There are some mechanisms that modulate maternal immune responses during pregnancy, in order to make uterus an immune privileged site. This immunosuppression is believed to be mediated, at least partly, by HLA-G, non-classical class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecule that is strongly expressed in cytotrophoblast and placenta. The major HLA-G function is its ability to inhibit T and B lymphocytes, NK cells and antigen-presenting cells (APC).Since HLA-G is expressed strongly at the maternofetal interface and has an essential role in immunosuppression, HLA-G polymorphism and altered expression of HLA-G seems to be associated with some complications of pregnancy, such as pre-eclampsia, recurrent misscariage and failure in IVF.This perspective discusses recent findings about HLA-G genetics, function, expression and polymorphism; and focus on HLA-G role in the etiology of recurrent miscarriage.

In the past two decades caries risk prediction has been and important subject for investigators. Caries risk assessment is an effective method for the prediction of future caries. By CRA the high-risk groups are determined. Then the prevention programs in relation to high-risk groups, be perform. This article is the results of a research project which has been performed by the author in Tehran. 218 primary school children (7 years old) have participated in this study. They have been examined for caries risk factors in three stages: 1- By a questionnaire for personal and socio demographic information. 2- Bite wing radiography to diagnosis the incipient proximal caries. 3- Dental examination of the student. Results of the research showed 34 person (15.6%) were high-risk, 63 person were low-risk and 121 person (55.5%) were moderate risk. Some of the caries risk factor have been also evaluated.